Negotiating Self and Place: Counter-Hegemonic Discourse in Suheir Hammad’s Poetry

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المؤلفون

1 Lecturer of English Literature- Tanta University

2 Associate Professor of English Literature

المستخلص

Counter-hegemony is part of the process that questions or threatens dominant ideological frameworks. Particularly, Palestinian-American writers resist the American and Israeli hegemony through recovering the relationship with their homeland. For those writers, home place produces several symbols of resistance. A sense of place requires boundaries where there is an identifiable notion of what is outside or beyond one’s sense of place or home. It is crucial in understanding one’s identity and plays a role in the physical, emotional, and even spiritual configurations of a sense of self. Throughout such boundaries, Palestinian-American writers explore the place as a physical, psychological, ideological, historical, and environmental construct where they question and alter these constructions to challenge the dominant mainstream hegemony. Suheir Hammad, a Palestinian-American poet, attempts to recover a sense of home, identity, nation, and place in response to various forms of displacement and oppression. She creates a terrain in which she inhabits a space that allows her to challenge the dominant hegemony and create a liminal space. It is the aim of this paper to examine Suheir Hammad’s poetry as a counter-hegemonic discourse which enables her to recover the relationship between her place and identity and to resist the mainstream hegemony. The paper argues that Hammad’s poetry is not only voicing resistance against the collective silencing of the plighted Palestinians and the othering of Arabs, but as itself a form of counter-hegemony. Finally, the paper aims to explore how Hammad manipulates certain poetic form, style and tactics as tools to serve her purposes.

الكلمات الرئيسية

الموضوعات الرئيسية

المراجع

Artz, Lee, and Ortega Murphy. “Power through Consent” in Cultural Hegemony in the United States. 2000. 1-40. 
          http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452204673.n1. Accessed March 2020
Chalcraft, John and Yaseen Noorani. “Introduction.” In Counterhegemony in the Colony and Postcolony, edited by Chalcraft and Noorani. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 2007, 1-20 
Downing, John D. H. Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements. London and New York: SAGE Publication, 2000.
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of Oppressed. Translated by Robert Barr. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014.
Giroux, Henri. “Writing the Space of the Public Intellectual.” In Women Writing Culture, edited by Elizabeth Hirsch and Gary Orson, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995, 195-198.  
Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks, edited by Quentin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith, London: ElecBook, 1999.
Hammad, Suheir.”Beyond Words.” In Arab and Arab American Feminisms: Gender, Violence, and Belonging, edited by Rabab Abdulahdi, Evelyn Alsultany, and Nadine Naber, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2011, 3-9.  
_________ Born Palestinian, Born Black. New York: UpSet Press, 2010.
_________ “daddy’s song.” Listen Up! Spoken Word Poetry, edited by Zoë Anglesey, New York: Ballantine, 1999, 46-47.
_________ "first writing since." 2001. No pages https://inmotionmagazine.com/ac/shammad.html. Accessed February 2020
_________ Zaatar Diva. New York: Cypher Books, 2009.
Hanley, Mary Stone. "Close to the Edge: the Poetry of Hip-Hop." Counterpoints, Vol. 338: 2008, 145-158.
Hartman, Michelle. “‘this sweet/sweet music’: Jazz, Sam Cooke, and Reading Arab American Literary Identities.” MELUS Vol. 31. 4: 2006, 145-65.
Hooks, bell. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston: South End Press, 1990.
 
Im, Hyug Baeg. “Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony in Gramsci.” Asian Perspective, Vol. 15, No. 1: 1991, 123-156.
Knopf-Newman, Marcy Jane. “Interview with Suheir Hammad.” MELUS, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2006, Arab American Literature: 71-91.
Lears, Jackson. “The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities.” The American Historical Review, Vol. 90, No. 3: 1985, 567-593.
Lull, James. Media, Communications and Culture: A Global Approach (2nd edition). Columbia: Columbia University Press, 2013.
Majaj, Lisa Suhair. “On Writing and Return: Palestinian-American Reflections.” Meridians, Vol. 2, No. 1: 2001, 13-126. 
Miller, Charles. The Racial Contract. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Perry, Keisha-Khan. “The Roots of Black Resistance: Race, Gender and the Struggle for Urban Land Rights in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.” Social Identities 10 (6): 2004, 811-831.
Reed, Jean-Pierre. “Theorist of Subaltern Subjectivity: Antonio Gramsci, Popular Beliefs, Political Passion, and Reciprocal Learning.” Critical Sociology 39 (4): 2012, 561-591.
Schroder, Ingo W. “The Making and Breaking of Collective Identities: Analytical Inspiration from the New Marxist Anthropology.” Ethnicity Studies Vol. 1 No. 2: 2010, 26-40.
Simms, Rupe. “The Politics of Religion in Plantation Society: A Gramscian Analysis.” In Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 10, edited by Joanne Marie Greer and David O. Moberg, Greenwich: JAI Press, 1999, 91-116.
Somers-Willett, Susan Cultural Politics of Slam Poetry: Race, Identity, and Performance of Popular Verse in America. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2010.
Thomas, Peter D. The Gramsican Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony and Marxism. London and Boston: Brill, 2009.
Urbinati, Nadia. “From the Periphery of Modernity: Antonio Gramsci’s Theory of Subordination and Hegemony.” Political Theory. Vol. 26, No. 3: 1998   370-391.
Youmans, Will. “Arab American Hip-Hop.” In Etching Our Own Image: Voices from within the Arab American Art Movement, edited by Anan Ameri and Holly Arida, Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007, 42-59.

ملفات

شارك

إرسال الاستشهاد إلى

الإحصائيات